18-19th Cent. Marie Thérèse of Savoy, Princess of Sardinia and of Piedmont, Comtesse d'Artois.

Marie Thérèse of Savoy was born on 31 January 1756, at the Royal Palace of Turin, in Turin, Italy. She was the daughter of Maria Antonieta of Bourbon, Queen Consort of Sardinia (17 November 1729 - 19 September 1785) and Victor Amadeus III, King of Sardinia (26 June 1726 - 16 October 1796). Her maternal grandparents were Elizabeth of Parma and Felipe V, King of Spain (19 December 1683 - 9 July 1746). Her paternal grandparents were Polyxena Christina of Hesse Rotenburg and Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia. Marie Thérèse's parents were married on 31 May 1750, at Oulx, near Turin, in Italy. Her siblings were: Charles Emmanuel IV (1751-1819), Maria Elisabetta (1752-1753), Marie Joséphine (1753-1810), Amedeo Alessandro (1754-1755), Maria Anna (1757-1824), Victor Emmanuel I (1759-1824), Maria Cristina (1760-1768), Maurizio Giuseppe (1762-1799), Maria Carolina (1764-1782), Charles Felix (1765-1831) and Giuseppe Benedetto (1766-1802). Her sister, Marie Joséphine of Savoy married Louis Stanislas Xavier de Bourbon, Count of Provence (1755-1824) on 14 May 1771, at the Château de Versailles, in Versailles, France. He was the son of Princess Marie Josèphe of Saxony (4 November 1731 - 13 March 1767) and Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin de France (4 September 1729 – 20 December 1765). Marie Thérèse of Savoy married Charles Philippe de France, Comte d'Artois (9 October 1757 - 6 November 1836) on 16 November 1773. He was the brother of the Count of Provence. Louis XV, King of France and Navarre (1710-1774) died of smallpox on 10 May 1774. He was succeeded by her brother-in-law, Louis Auguste, Dauphin de France (1754-1793) and his wife Marie Antoinette, Dauphine de France (1755-1793). Marie Thérèse and Charles Philippe had four children, the last direct line of the Bourbons. Their first child, a son Louis Antoine de Bourbon was born on 6 August 1775.

The Children of Marie Thérèse of Savoy and Charles Philippe de France:
Louis Antoine, Duc d'Angouleme (6 August 1775 - 3 June 1844) Married Marie Thérèse Charlotte de France in 1799.
Sophie de Bourbon (1776 - 1783)
Charles Ferdinand, Duc de Berry (24 January 1778 - 14 February 1820) Married 1st: Amy Brown Married 2nd: Princess Maria Carolina Ferdinanda Luisa in 1816.

Marie-Thérèse de Bourbon (1783-)

Her husband, Charles Philippe had a love affair with Marie Louise d'Esparbès de Lussan, Comtesse de Polastron (19 October 1764 - 27 March 1804), the wife of Denis de Polastron, the half-brother of Marie Antoinette's friend, Yolande Martine Gabrielle de Polastron, Duchesse de Polignac (1749-1793). Her mother, Maria Antonietta died on 19 September 1785, at the Castle of Moncalieri, near Turin, Italy. She was interred at the Basilica of Superga. After the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, Marie Thérèse fled France with her husband. King Louis XVI was tried of treason against the nation, found guilty by the National Convention and condemned to death on 18 January 1793. Louis XVI was executed by the guillotine on 21 January 1793. Marie Antoinette was guillotined on 16 October 1793. Her sister-in-law, Élisabeth de France (1764-1794) met the same fate on 10 May 1794. Louis XVII, King of France and Navarre (1785-1795), the only surviving son of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI, died on 8 June 1795, in the Temple. Her brother-in-law was proclaimed King of France and Navarre, as Louis XVIII on 16 June 1795, by the exiled French Court. Her father, Victor Amadeus of Savoy died on 16 October 1796, at the Castle of Moncalieri. Her son, Louis-Antoine married Marie Thérèse Charlotte de France (19 December 1778 - 19 October 1851) on 10 June 1799, at Mittau, in Kurland. She was the daughter of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI. Marie Thérèse of Savoy died in exile on 2 June 1805, at Graz, in Austria. She was interred at the Imperial Mausoleum, next to Graz Cathedral. Louis XVIII died on 16 September 1824, at the Tuileries Palace, in Paris. He was succeeded by her husband, as Charles X. Charles X died on 6 November 1836, at the Palace of Count Michael Coronini von Cronberg, in Grafenberg. He was interred at the Church of Saint Mary of the Annunciation, on Kostanjevica Hill, in Castagnavizza, Slovenia.

19th Cent. Maria Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier.

Maria Luisa Fernanda of Spain was born on 30 January 1832, at the Royal Palace of Madrid, in Madrid, Spain. She was the daughter of Princess Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies, Queen Consort of Spain (27 April 1806 - 22 July 1878) and Ferdinand VII, King of Spain (14 October 1784 - 29 September 1833). Her maternal grandparents were Maria Isabella of Spain, Queen Consort of the Two Sicilies (6 July 1789 - 13 September 1848) and Francis I, King of the Two Sicilies (14 August 1777 - 8 November 1830). Her paternal grandparents were Maria Luisa of Parma, Queen Consort of Spain (9 December 1751 - 2 January 1819) and Carlos IV, King of Spain (11 November 1748 - 20 January 1819). Maria Luisa's parents were married on 11 December 1829, in Madrid. Maria Christina was his fourth wife, Ferdinand VII married first Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily (14 December 1784 - 21 May 1806) on 4 October 1802. Maria Antonia died of tuberculosis on 21 May 1806. Ferdinand VII married his second wife, Infanta Maria Isabel of Portugal (19 May 1797 - 26 December 1818) in 1816. They had one daughter, Infanta Maria Luisa Isabel (21 August 1817 - 9 January 1818). Maria Isabel died during childbirth, on 26 December 1818. Ferdinand VII married his third wife, Maria Josepha of Saxony (7 December 1803 - 18 May 1829) on 20 October 1819. They had no children. Maria Josepha died on 27 May 1829. Maria Christina and Ferdinand had two daughter's, her sister was: Isabella II, Queen of Spain (10 October 1830 - 10 April 1904). Ferdinand VII died on 29 September 1833. He was succeeded by her sister, as Isabella II with her mother as Regent. Her mother, Maria Christina secretly married Augustin Fernández Muñoz, Duke of Riansares (1808-1873) on 28 December 1833. The children of Maria Christina and Muñoz were: Maria Amparo, Countess of Vista Alegre (17 November 1834 - 19 August 1864), Maria de los Milagros, Marchioness of Castillejo (8 November 1835 - 9 July 1903), Agustin, Duke of Tarancon (1837 - 15 July 1855), Fernando, Duke of Riansares and Tarancon (27 April 1838 - 7 December 1910), Maria Christina, Marchioness of Isabella (19 April 1840 - 20 December 1921), Juan, Count of Recuerdo (29 August 1844 - 2 April 1863) and Jose, Count of Garcia (21 December 1846 - 17 December 1863). Maria Luisa Fernanda married Antoine Marie Philippe Louis d'Orleans, Duke of Montpensier (31 July 1824 - 4 February 1890) on 10 October 1846, in Madrid, Spain. He was the son of Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies (26 April 1782 - 24 March 1866) and Louis-Philippe, Duc d'Orléans (6 October 1773 - 26 August 1850). On the same day her sister, Isabella II married Francisco de Asis de Borbón (13 May 1822 - 17 April 1902). The couple moved to Paris and later to Sevilla. In ca 1847, Maria Luisa was painted by the artist, Franz Xaver Winterhalter (1805-1873). Maria Luisa gave birth to her first child, a daughter Marie Isabelle on 21 September 1848.

The Children of Maria Luisa Fernanda of Spain and Antoine Marie Philippe d'Orleans:

Marie-Isabelle d'Orleans (21 September 1848 - 23 April 1919)

Maria Amelia d'Orleans (1851-1870)

Maria Cristina d'Orleans (1852-1879)

Maria de la Regla d'Orleans (1856-1861)

Fernando d'Orleans (1859-1873)

Maria de las Mercedes d'Orleans (24 June 1860 - 26 June 1878) Married Alfonso XII in 1878.

Felipe Raimundo Maria d'Orleans (1862-1864)

Antonio d'Orleans (1866-1930) Married Infanta Maria Eulalia of Spain.

Luis Maria Felipe Antonio d'Orleans (1867-1874)

Her daughter, Marie-Isabelle d'Orleans married Louis-Philippe Albert d'Orléans (24 August 1838 - 8 September 1894) on 30 May 1864. Her daughter, Mercedes d'Orleans married Alfonso, Prince of Asturias on 23 January 1878, at the Church of Atocha, in Madrid. Her mother, Maria Christina died on 22 July 1878, in Le Havre, France. She was interred at the Royal Monastery, Escorial. Maria Luisa Fernanda of Spain died on 2 February 1897, at San Telmo Palace, in Seville. She was interred on 7 February 1897, at the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial.

19th Cent. Horatia Nelson

Horatia Nelson was born on 29 January 1801, at 23 Piccadilly, in London, England. She was the illegitimate daughter of Emma, Lady Hamilton (26 April 1765 - 15 January 1815) and Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, 1st Duke of Bronté (29 September 1758 - 21 October 1805). Her maternal grandparents were Mary Kidd and Henry Lyon. Horatia was christened on 18 May 1803, at St. Marylebone Parish Church. Before the Battle of Trafalgar, Horatio Nelson wrote a letter to Horatia, "Victory, October 19th, 1805. My dearest Angel, I was made happy by the pleasure of receiving your letter of September 19th, and I rejoice to hear that you are so very good a girl, and love my dear Lady Hamilton, who most dearly loves you. Give her a kiss for me. The Combined Fleets of the Enemy are now reported to be coming out of Cadiz; and therefore I answer your letter, my dearest Horatia, to mark to you that you are ever uppermost in my thoughts. I shall be sure of your prayers for my safety, conquest, and speedy return to dear Merton, and our dearest good Lady Hamilton. Be a good girl, mind what Miss Connor says to you. Receive, my dearest Horatia, the affectionate parental blessing of your Father, Nelson and Bronte." Horatio Nelson died on 21 October 1805, at the Battle of Trafalgar. According to the will of Horatio Nelson, "I leave to the beneficience of my country my adopted daughter Horatia Nelson Thompson, and I desire that she will in future use the name of Nelson only." Her mother, Emma, Lady Hamilton died on 15 January 1815. Horatia returned to England, where she stayed with her paternal aunt, Mrs Catherine Matcham, in Sussex. Horatia Nelson married Reverend Philip Ward (1795-1861) on 19 February 1822, at Burnham Westgate Church.

The Children of Horatia Nelson and Philip Ward:
Horatio Nelson Ward (8 December 1822 - 1888)
Eleanor Philippa Ward (April 1824-)
Marmaduke Philip Smyth Ward (27 May 1825-)
John James Stephen Ward (13 February 1827 - 1829)
Nelson Ward (8 May 1828-)
William George Ward (8 April 1830-)
Edmund Nelson Ward (10 July 1832 - 1833)
Horatia Ward (24 November 1833-)
Philip Ward (May 1834 - 12 September 1865)
Caroline Mary Ward (January 1836-)

In 1854, Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1819-1901) granted a annual pension for each of the Nelson Ward daughters. Her husband, Philip Ward died in 1861. Horatia Nelson left Tenterden, and lived at Elmdene and later at Beaufort Villas, Woodridings. Horatia Nelson died aged 80, on 6 March 1881, at Beaufort Villa, in Woodridings, Pinner. She was buried in the Cemetery, in Paines Lane, Pinner. According to the epitaph, "…Here rests Horatia Nelson Ward, who died March 6th. 1881, aged 80, the beloved daughter of Vice Admiral Lord Nelson and widow of the above-named Revd. Philip Ward."

18th Cent. Duchess Louise Amalie of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

Princess Viktoria Louise Amalie was born on 29 January 1722, in Wolfenbüttel. She was the daughter of Princess Antoinette Amalie of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (22 April 1696 - 6 March 1762) and Ferdinand Albert, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (29 May 1680 - 2 September 1735). Her maternal grandparents were Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen (20 March 1671 - 3 September 1747) and Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (22 July 1671 - 1 March 1735). Her paternal grandparents were Christine of Hessen-Eschewege and Ferdinand Albert, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (22 May 1636 - 25 April 1687). Louise Amalie's parents were married on 15 October 1712, in Brunswick. Her siblings were: Karl I (1 August 1713 - 26 March 1780), Anton Ulrich (28 August 1714 - 4 May 1774), Elisabeth Christine (8 November 1715 - 13 January 1797), Ludwig Ernst (25 September 1718 - 12 May 1788), August (23 November 1719 - 26 March 1720), Ferdinand (12 January 1721 - 3 July 1792), Sophie Antonie (3 January 1724 - 17 March 1802), Albrecht (4 May 1725 - 30 September 1745), Theresa Natalie (4 June 1728 - 26 June 1778), Juliane Marie (4 September 1729 - 10 October 1796), Friedrich Wilhelm (17 January 1731 - 24 December 1732) and Friedrich Franz (8 June 1732 - 14 October 1758). Her sister, Elisabeth Christine married Frederick II, King of Prussia (24 January 1712 - 17 August 1786) on 12 June 1733, in Salzdahlum. Louise Amalie married Augustus William, Prince of Prussia (9 August 1722 - 12 June 1758) in 1742. He was the son of Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, Queen Consort in Prussia (16 March 1687 - 28 June 1757) and Frederick William I, King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg (14 August 1688 - 31 May 1740). The younger brother of Frederick.

The Children of Louise Amalie of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Augustus William of Prussia:
King Frederick William II of Prussia (1744-1797)
Frederick Henry Charles, Prince of Prussia (1747-1767)
Wilhelmina, Princess of Prussia (7 August 1751 - 9 June 1820) Married William V, Prince of Orange in 1767.
George Charles Emil, Prince of Prussia (1758-1759)

Her husband, August Wilhelm died on 12 June 1758, in Oranienburg. Louise Amalie died on 13 January 1780, in Berlin.

15-16th Cent. Henry VII, King of England.

Henry VII, King of England
by Michiel Sittow
1505

Henry Tudor was born on 28 January 1457, at Pembroke Castle, in Wales. He was the son of Lady Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond. His father, Edmund died in November 1456. His mother, Margaret remarried soon after. Henry was raised by his uncle, Jasper Tudor. Henry Tudor declared he would marry Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 - 11 February 1503) on Christmas Day in 1483, at Rennes Cathedral. She was the daughter of Elizabeth Woodville (3 February 1437 - 8 June 1492) and King Edward IV. In 1485, the Lancastrian won the Battle of Bosworth. Richard III died in the field and Henry Tudor was proclaimed King. As promised, Henry VII married Elizabeth of York on 18 January 1486, at Westminster. The marriage united the houses of York and Lancaster. It is represented in the heraldic symbol of the Tudor rose, a combination of the white rose of York and the red rose of Lancaster. The couples first child, a son named Arthur was born on 19 September 1486. 

The Children of Elizabeth of York and Henry VII:
Arthur Tudor (19 September 1486 - 2 April 1502)
Margaret Tudor (28 November 1489 - 18 October 1541) Married 1st: James IV, King of Scotland in 1503. Married 2nd: Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus in 1514. Married 3rd: Henry Stewart, 1st Lord Metheven in 1528.
Henry VIII, King of England (28 June 1491 - 28 January 1547) Married 1st: Katherine of Aragon in 1509. Married 2nd: Anne Boleyn in 1533. Married 3rd: Jane Seymour in 1536. Married 4th: Anne of Cleves in 1540. Married 5th: Catherine Howard in 1540. Married 6th: Catherine Parr in 1543.
Elizabeth Tudor (2 July 1492 - 14 September 1495)
Mary Tudor (18 March 1496 - 25 June 1533) Married 1st: Louis XII, King of France in 1514. Married 2nd: Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk in 1515.
Edmund Tudor, Duke of Somerset (21 February 1499 - 19 June 1500)
Katherine Tudor (2 February 1503 - 2 February 1503)

His son, Arthur, Prince of Wales married Katherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 - 7 January 1536) on 14 November 1501, at St. Paul's Cathedral. She was the daughter of Isabella I, Queen of Castile (22 April 1451 - 26 November 1504) and Ferdinand of Aragon (10 March 1452 - 23 January 1516). Arthur died on 2 April 1502. He was interred at Worcester Cathedral. His wife, Elizabeth died on 11 February 1503, at the Tower of London. She was interred at Westminster Abbey. His son, Henry was betrothed to his brother's widow, Katherine of Aragon on 25 June 1503. Henry VII died of tuberculosis aged 52, on 21 April 1509, at Richmond Palace, in England. He was interred at Westminster Abbey, in London. He was succeeded by his son, as Henry VIII. His rise to the Throne affirmed the union of the Houses of Lancaster and York.

19th Cent. Maria Anna of Bavaria, Queen Consort of Saxony.

Maria Anna Leopoldine Elisabeth Wilhelmine was born on 27 January 1805, in Munich. She was the daughter of Friederike Karoline Wilhelmine of Baden (13 July 1776 - 13 November 1841) and Maximilian I, King of Bavaria (27 May 1756 - 13 October 1825). Her maternal grandparents were Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt and Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden. Maria Anna's parents were married on 9 March 1797, in Karlsruhe. Her siblings were: Stillborn boy (1799-1799), Maximilian Joseph Charles Frederick (1800 -1803), Elizabeth Louise (1801-1873), Amalia Augusta (1801-1877), Princess Sophie of Bavaria (27 January 1805 - 28 May 1872), Ludovika Wilhelmina (1808-1892) and Maximiliana Josepha Caroline (1810 - 1821). She was the identical twin sister of Princess Sophie of Bavaria. This was her father's second marriage. Maximilian married first Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt (14 April 1765 - 30 March 1796) on 30 September 1785, in Darmstadt. She was the daughter of Countess Maria Luise Albertine von Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg and Prince Georg Wilhelm of Hesse-Darmstadt (11 July 1722 - 21 June 1782). Their children were: Ludwig I, King of Bavaria (25 August 1786 - 29 February 1868), Princess Augusta Amalia of Bavaria (21 June 1788 - 13 May 1851), Princess Amalie of Bavaria (9 October 1790 - 24 January 1794), Princess Caroline Augusta of Bavaria (8 February 1792 - 9 February 1873) and Prince Karl Theodor of Bavaria (7 July 1795 - 16 August 1875). Augusta Wilhelmine died on 30 March 1796, in Rohrbach. She was buried in the Schlosskirche, in Darmstadt. Her sister, Sophie married Archduke Franz Karl Joseph of Austria (17 December 1802 - 8 March 1878) on 4 November 1824. Her father, Maximilian I Josef, King of Bavaria died on 13 October 1825, in Munich. He was interred in Theatinerkirche, Munich. Maria Anna married Crown Prince Frederick Augustus of Saxony (18 May 1797 - 9 August 1854) on 24 April 1833, in Dresden. He was the son of Princess Caroline of Parma and Prince Maximilian of Saxony. Maria Anna was his second wife, Franz Karl married first Archduchess Maria Caroline of Austria by proxy on 26 September 1819, in Wien, before they were married in person on 7 October 1819, in Dresden. They had no children. In 1863, Frederick succeeded his uncle Anthony as King. King Frederick Augustus II died on 9 August 1854, in Karrösten, Tyrol. Without issue. He was succeeded by his younger brother, Johann. Sophie died of a brain tumor on 28 May 1872. Maria Anna of Bavaria died aged 72, on 13 September 1877, in Wachwitz.

19th Cent. Princess Sophie of Bavaria

Princess Sophie Friederike Dorothee Wilhelmine of Bavaria was born on 27 January 1805. She was the daughter of Frederica Caroline Wilhelmina of Baden (13 July 1776 - 13 November 1841) and Maximilian I, King of Bavaria (27 May 1756 - 13 October 1825). Her maternal grandparents were Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt and Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden. Sophie's parents were married on 9 March 1797, in Karlsruhe. Her siblings included: Maximilian Joseph (1800-1803), Elizabeth Louise (1801-1873), Amalia Augusta (1801-1877), Maria Anna (1805-1877), Marie Ludovika (1808-1892) and Maximiliana Josepha (1810-1821). Sophie was the identical twin sister of Princess Maria Anna of Bavaria. Her mother was her father's second wife, Maximilian married first, Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt (14 April 1765 - 30 March 1796) on 30 September 1785, in Darmstadt. She was the daughter of Countess Maria Luise Albertine von Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg and Prince Georg Wilhelm of Hesse-Darmstadt (11 July 1722 - 21 June 1782). Their children were: Ludwig I, King of Bavaria (25 August 1786 - 29 February 1868), Princess Augusta Amalia of Bavaria (21 June 1788 - 13 May 1851), Princess Amalie of Bavaria (9 October 1790 - 24 January 1794), Princess Caroline Augusta of Bavaria (8 February 1792 - 9 February 1873) and Prince Karl Theodor of Bavaria (7 July 1795 - 16 August 1875). Augusta Wilhelmine died on 30 March 1796, in Rohrbach. She was interred in the Schlosskirche, in Darmstadt. Princess Sophie married Archduke Franz Karl of Austria (17 December 1802 - 8 March 1878) on 4 November 1824. He was the son of Maria Teresa of the Two Sicilies (6 June 1772 - 13 April 1807) and Franz II, Holy Roman Emperor (12 February 1768 - 2 March 1835).
 

The Children of Sophie of Bavaria and Franz Karl of Austria:

Franz Joseph (18 August 1830 - 21 November 1916) Married Elisabeth, Duchess in Bavaria.
Maximilian (6 July 1832 - 19 June 1867) Married Charlotte, Princess of Belgium.
Karl Ludwig (30 July 1833 - 19 May 1896) Married 1st: Margaretha of Saxony in 1856. Married 2nd: Maria Annunziata, Princess of the Two-Sicilies in 1862. Married 3rd: Maria Theresia, Infanta of Portugal in 1873.
Maria Anna Karolina (27 October 1835 - 5 February 1840)
Ludwig Viktor (15 May 1842 - 18 January 1919)

Her brother-in-law, Ferdinand, Emperor of Austria (1793-1875) was crowned King of Hungary in 1830. Her sister, Maria Anna married Crown Prince Frederick of Saxony on 24 April 1833, in Dresden. Ferdinand succeeded as Emperor of Austria on 2 March 1835. In 1838, Ferdinand was crowned King of Lombardy and Venetia. Her mother, Caroline died on 13 November 1841. In 1848, revolution broke out in Wien. Ferdinand abdicated as Emperor of Austria on 2 December 1848. Franz Joseph I was crowned in December 1848. Franz Joseph I married Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria (24 December 1837 - 10 September 1898) on 24 April 1854, in St. Augustine's Church, Wien. She was the daughter of Marie Ludovika of Bavaria and Maximilian Joseph, Duke in Bavaria (4 December 1808 - 15 November 1888). Her son, Maximilian married Princess Charlotte of Belgium (7 June 1840 - 19 January 1927) on 27 July 1857, in Brussels. She was the daughter of Louise Marie, Queen Consort of the Belgians (3 April 1812 - 11 October 1850) and Leopold I, King of the Belgians (1790-1865). Her son, Maximillian was executed by a firing squad on 19 June 1867, in Mexico. Sophie of Bavaria died of a brain tumor on 28 May 1872. Her husband, Franz Karl of Austria died on 8 March 1878. After the defeat in World War I, the Austro Hungarian Monarchy dissolved.

18th Cent. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

by Martin van Meytens
1762-1763

Joannes Chrisostomos Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on 27 January 1756, at 9 Getreidegasse, in Salzburg. He was the son of Anna Maria Pertl and Leopold Mozart. His maternal grandfather was Wolfgang Nikolaus Pertl. Wolfgang Amadeus' parents were married on 21 November 1747. They had seven children, but only Wolfgang Amadeus and his sister, Maria Anna Walburga Ignatia, called "Nannerl" born on 30 July 1751 survived infancy. Leopold wrote in a letter to Johann Jakob Lotter on 9 February, "...I must inform you that on 27 January, at 8 p.m., my dear wife was happily delivered of a boy, but the placenta had to be removed. She was therefore astonishingly weak. Now, however (God be praised) both child and mother are well. She sends her regards to you both. The boy is called Joannes Chrisostomos, Wolfgang, Gotlieb." He was baptized Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart on 28 January 1756, at St. Rupert's Cathedral. As a child he was called Wolfgang or, Wolfgangerl. His father, Leopold Mozart was deputy Kapellmeister to the court orchestra of the Archbishop of Salzburg. In 1756, Leopold Mozart published the violin textbook, Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule. In 1758, Nannerl began keyboard lessons with her father on the clavier. In 1759, Leopold Mozart wrote a notebook titled Pour le clavecin, ce Livre appartient à Mademoiselle Marie Anne Mozart. Wolfgang Amadeus was watching them. According to Maria Anna Mozart; "He often spent much time at the clavier, picking out thirds, which he was always striking, and his pleasure showed that it sounded good. In the fourth year of his age his father, for a game as it were, began to teach him a few minuets and pieces at the clavier. He could play it faultlessly and with the greatest delicacy, and keeping exactly in time. At the age of five he was already composing little pieces, which he played to his father who wrote them down."  According to Mozart, "My great-grandfather used to say to his wife, my great-grandmother, who in turn told her daughter, my grandmother, who repeated it to her daughter, my mother, who used to remind her daughter, my own sister, that to talk well and eloquently was a very great art, but that an equally great one was to know the right moment to stop." And; "One must not make oneself cheap here - that is a cardinal point - or else one is done. Whoever is most impertinent has the best chance."

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

"I pay no attention whatever to anybody's praise or blame. I simply follow my own feelings."

In 1762, Wolfgang, Maria Anna and Leopold performed at an exhibition at the Court of the Elector of Bavaria, in Munich, at the Imperial Court, in Wien and in Prague. In 1763, Mozart was introduced to Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de Pompadour (1721-1764), the mistress of  Louis XV, King of France and Navarre (1710-1774). From December 1769 to March 1771, Leopold and Wolfgang toured Italy. Mozart met G.B. Martini in Bologna, and was accepted as a member of the Accademia Filarmonica. In 1770, Mozart wrote the opera Mitridate Rè di Ponto, in Milan. From August 1771 to December 1771, Wolfgang and Leopold returned to Milan for the premiere of Ascanio in Alba. From October 1772 to March 1773, they were back in Milan for the premiere of Lucio Silla. After finally returning with his father from Italy on 13 March 1773, Mozart was employed as a Court musician by the ruler of Salzburg Prince-Archbishop Hieronymus Colloredo. Wolfgang and Leopold visited from 14 July 1773 to 26 September 1773, Wien. In 1775, the Court Theater was closed in Salzburg. Between April 1775 and December 1775, Mozart composed five violin concertos. Wolfgang and Leopold visited from 6 December 1774 to March 1775, Munich. In 1776, he produced piano concertos. In early 1777, he composed the E-flat concerto K. 271. In August 1777, Mozart resigned his Salzburg position.  Wolfgang accompanied with his mother, Anna Maria ventured out on 23 September 1777, in search of employment, with visits to Augsburg, Mannheim, Munich and Paris. Mozart fell in love with Aloysia Weber, in Mannheim. Mozart left for Paris on 14 March 1778. Mozart performed the A minor piano sonata K. 310/300d on 12 June 1778, in Paris. The Paris Symphony, no. 31 on 18 June 1778, in Paris. His mother, Anna Maria fell ill and died on 23 June 1778. Mozart left on 26 September 1778, Paris. Mozart finally reached home on 15 January 1779 and took up the new position. According to Mozart; "My subject enlarges itself, becomes methodized and define, and the whole, though it be long, stands almost complete and finished in my mind, so that I can survey it, like a fine picture or a beautiful statute, at a glance."

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart seated at piano, with his sister Maria Anna and his parents, Leopold and Anna Maria in a Picture.

by Johann Nepomuk della Croce

ca 1780-1781

"Music, even in situations of the greatest horror, should never be painful to the ear but should flatter and charm it, and thereby always remain music."

His opera Idomeneo premiered in January 1781, in Munich. Mozart met Joseph Haydn in Wien. In 1781, Joseph Haydn told Leopold Mozart, "I tell you before God, and as an honest man, your son is the greatest composer known to me by person and repute, he has taste and what is more the greatest skill in composition." In 1782, Mozart completed the opera Die Entführung aus dem Serail ("The Abduction from the Seraglio").  Die Entführung aus dem Serail premiered on 16 July 1782. Mozart moved in with the Weber family, who had moved from Mannheim to Wien. The father, Fridolin Weber had died, and they were taking in lodgers to make ends meet. Aloysia Weber was married to the actor Joseph Lange. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Constanze Weber were married on 4 August 1782. The couple had six children.

The Children of Constanze Mozart and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart:

Raimund Leopold Mozart (17 June 1783 - 19 August 1783)
Karl Thomas Mozart
Johann Thomas Leopold Mozart (18 October - 15 November 1786)
Theresia Constanzia Adelheid Friedericke Maria Anna Mozart (27 December 1787 - 29 June 1788)
Anna Maria Mozart (25 December 1789 - 25 December 1789)

Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart

From 1782 to 1785, Mozart composed six quartets dedicated to Joseph Haydn (K. 387, K. 421, K. 428, K. 458, K. 464, and K. 465). In 1783, Wolfgang and Constanze visited his family in Salzburg. His Mass in C Minor was premiered in Salzburg, with Constanze singing a solo part. From 1782 to 1785, Mozart mounted concerts with himself as soloist. The family moved to an apartment with a yearly rent of 460 florins. Mozart bought a fortepiano from Anton Walter for about 900 florins, and a billiard table for about 300. They sent their son, Karl Thomas to an boarding school, and kept servants. Mozart became a Freemason on 14 December 1784, admitted to the lodge Zur Wohltätigkeit ("Beneficence"). Around the end of 1785, Mozart began his operatic collaboration with the librettist Lorenzo da Ponte. In 1786, The Marriage of Figaro premiered in Wien. Around 1786, Mozart ceased to appear frequently in public concerts. His father, Leopold Mozart died on 28 May 1787. In December 1787, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1741-1790) appointed Mozart as his Chamber Composer. Mozart complained to Constanze that the pay was; "Too much for what I do, too little for what I could do". In 1787, the young Ludwig van Beethoven spent two weeks in Wien, hoping to study with Mozart. In 1788, Mozart and his family moved from Wien to Alsergrund. In 1788, he composed the symphonies; Nos. 39, 40, and 41. In the spring of 1789, he traveled to Leipzig, Dresden and Berlin. In 1790, his da Ponte operas, Cosi fan tutte premiered.  In 1790, he visited Frankfurt and Mannheim. He said; "When I am... traveling in a carriage, or walking after a good meal, or during the night when I cannot sleep; it is on such occasions that ideas flow best and most abundantly."

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

"Nor do I hear in my imagination the parts successively, I hear them all at once. What a delight this is! All this inventing, this producing, takes place in a pleasing, lively dream."

Mozart fell ill while in Prague, for the premiere on 6 September 1791, of his opera La clemenza di Tito. He conducted the premiere of The Magic Flute on 30 September 1791. The Little Masonic Cantata K. 623, premiered on 15 November 1791. His illness intensified on 20 November 1791, he was suffering from swelling, pain and vomiting. Mozart was nursed in his final illness by Constanze and her youngest sister Sophie, and attended by the family doctor, Thomas Franz Closset. He was mentally occupied with the task of finishing his Requiem. Mozart said; "I thank my God for graciously granting me the opportunity of learning that death is the key which unlocks the door to our true happiness." He continued; "As death, when we come to consider it closely, is the true goal of our existence, I have formed during the last few years such close relations with this best and truest friend of mankind, that his image is not only no longer terrifying to me, but is..." And; "It is a great consolation for me to remember that the Lord, to whom I had drawn near in humble and child-like faith, has suffered and died for me, and that He will look on me in love and compassion." Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died at 1 a.m. on 5 December 1791. He was buried on 7 December 1791, at the St. Marx cemetery, in Wien. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed over six hundred works, pinnacles of symphonic, concertante, chamber, piano, operatic, and choral music.

"Neither a lofty degree of intelligence nor imagination nor both together go to the making of genius. Love, love, love, that is the soul of genius." Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

18th Cent. Anna Petrovna, Grand Duchess of Russia, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp.

Anna Petrovna was born on 27 January 1708, in Moscow, Russia. She was the daughter of Catherine I, Empress of Russia (15 April 1684 - 17 May 1727) and Peter I the Great, Emperor of Russia (9 June 1672 - 8 February 1725). Her maternal grandparents were Elisabeth Moritz and Samuil Skavronsky. Her paternal grandparents were Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina, Tsarina of Russia (1 September 1651 - 4 February 1694) and Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, Tsar of Russia (9 March 1629 - 29 January 1676). Anna's parents married secretly in 1707. Catherine and Peter were married officially on 9 February 1712, at Saint Isaac's Cathedral, in St. Petersburg, Russia. Her siblings included: Elizabeth Petrovna (29 December 1709 - 5 January 1762), Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna (20 March 1713 - 27 May 1715), Grand Duchess Margarita Petrovna (1714-1715), Grand Duke Pyotr Petrovich (1715-1719), Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich (1717-1717), Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna (31 August 1718 - 15 March 1725) and Grand Duke Pyotr Petrovich (1723-1723). Anna Petrovna was promised to Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (30 April 1700 - 18 June 1739). He was the son of Hedvig Sofia Augusta, Princess of Sweden (26 June 1681 - 22 December 1708) and Frederick IV of Holstein-Gottorp, Duke of Schleswig (18 October 1671 - 19 July 1702). Charles Frederick arrived on 17 March 1721, in Russia. The marriage contract was signed on 22 November 1724. Her father, Peter I died on 28 January 1725. Anna Petrovna and Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp were married on 21 May 1725, in the Trinity Church, St. Petersburg. Her mother, Catherine died on 17 May 1727, in St. Petersburg. She was interred at St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress. Anna and Charles Frederick had a son, Peter born on 21 February 1728.

The Child of Anna Petrovna and Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp:

Peter Feodorovich of Holstein-Gottorp (21 February 1728 - 17 July 1762) Married Princess Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst in 1745.

Anna Petrovna died aged 20, on 4 March 1728, at Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein. She was interred on 12 November 1728, in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. When her sister, Elizabeth became Empress of Russia she brought Peter from Germany to Russia and proclaimed him her heir in the autumn of 1742. Peter married Princess Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst (2 May 1729 - 6 November 1796) on 21 August 1745, in St. Petersburg. Empress Elizabeth died on 25 December 1761. She was succeeded by Peter III. Peter III died on 17 July 1762. He was succeeded by his wife as, Catherine II the Great, Empress of Russia.

15-16th Cent. Anne de Bretagne, Queen Consort of France.

Anne de Bretagne was born on 25 January 1477, in Nantes, Bretagne. She was the daughter of Margaret de Foix, Duchesse de Bretagne and François II, Duc de Bretagne (23 June 1433 - 9 September 1488). Her maternal grandparents were Eleanor de Navarre (1425-1479) and Gaston IV de Foix (1425-1472). Her paternal grandparents were Margaret d'Orleans, Countess of Etampe and Richard d'Dreux, Count of Etampes. Anne's parents were married on 27 June 1474, in Clisson. She had a younger sister, Isabeau de Bretange (1478-1490). Her mother was her father's second wife, François II married first Marguerite de Bretagne. Marguerite de Bretagne died in 1469. Her mother, Margaret de Foix died on 15 May 1486, in Nantes. She was buried at the Cathedral of Nantes. Her father, François II died on 9 September 1488. Anne de Bretagne became Duchesse de Bretagne. Anne de Bretagne married Maximilian of Habsburg by proxy on 19 December 1490. In 1491, the marriage was dissolved by the Pope. Anne de Bretagne married her second husband, Charles VIII, King of France on 6 December 1491, at Château Langeais. Anne de Bretagne was crowned Queen of France on 8 February 1492, at La Basilique Cathédrale de Saint-Denis, in Saint-Denis.

The Children of Anne de Bretagne and Charles VIII:

Charles-Orlant, Dauphin de France (1492-1495)

Charles, Dauphin de France (8 September - 2 October 1496)

François, Dauphin de France (1497-1497)

Anne de France (20 March 1498 - 20 March 1498)

Her son, Charles-Orlant, Dauphin de France died of the measles in 1495. Anne de Bretagne wore the first known white wedding dress when she married her third husband, Louis XII, King of France on 8 January 1499. 

The Children of Anne de Bretagne and Louis XII of France:

Claude de France (14 October 1499 - 20 July 1524)

Renée de France (1510-1575) Married Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara

Anne de Bretagne died on 9 January 1514, at Château de Blois, in Blois, France. She was interred at La Basilique Cathédrale de Saint-Denis, in Saint-Denis.

18-19th Cent. Elizabeth Alexeievna, Empress Consort of all the Russias.

Princess Louise Marie Auguste of Baden was born on 24 January 1779. She was the daughter of Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt (20 June 1754 - 21 June 1832) and Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden (14 February 1755 - 16 December 1801). Her maternal grandparents were Henriette Caroline Christiane Louise of Pfalz-Zweibrücken (9 March 1721 - 30 March 1774) and Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (15 December 1719 - 6 April 1790). Her paternal grandparents were Landgravine Karoline Luise of Hesse-Darmstadt (11 July 1723 - 8 April 1783) and Margrave Charles Frederick. Louise Marie Auguste's parents were married on 15 July 1775, in Darmstadt, Hessen, Germany. Her siblings were: Katharine Amalie Christiane Luise (13 July 1776 - 26 October 1823), Friederike Karoline Wilhelmine (13 July 1776 - 13 November 1841), Frederica Dorothea Wilhelmine (12 March 1781 - 25 September 1826), Marie Elisabeth Wilhelmine (7 September 1782 - 29 April 1808), Karl Friedrich (13 September 1784 - 1 March 1785), Karl, 2nd Grand Duke of Baden (8 June 1786 - 8 December 1818) and Wilhelmine Luise (10 September 1788 - 27 January 1836). When Catherine II the Great, Empress of Russia (1729-1796) was looking for a bride for her eldest grandson, Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich she invited Princess Louise and her sister, Princess Frederica to Russia. They arrived in the fall of 1792, in St. Petersburg. Louise wrote to Alexander, "You tell me that I hold the happiness of a certain person in my hands, If that is true, then his happiness is assured forever… this person loves me tenderly, and I love him in return, and that will be my happiness… you can be certain that I love you more than I ever can say." In May 1793, Louise and Alexander were engaged. She converted from the Evangelical faith to Russian Orthodoxy, receiving the name Elizabeth Alexeievna on 9 May 1793, in St. Petersburg. Elizabeth and Alexander were married on 28 September 1793, at the Winter Palace, in St. Petersburg. After her sister, Frederica returned to Baden, Elizabeth wrote, "Without my husband, who alone makes me happy, I should have died a thousand deaths." According to the Memoirs of Madame Vigée Le Brun by Marie-Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun (1755-1842), "The Count gave me his arm, and we were walking across a portion of the park, when, at a ground-floor window, I espied a young person who was watering a pot of pansies. She was seventeen years old at most; her features were well formed and regular, her face a perfect oval; her fine complexion was not bright, but was of a paleness completely in harmony with the expression of her countenance, whose sweetness was angelic. Her fair hair floated over her neck and forehead. She was clad in a white tunic, a carelessly knotted girdle surrounding a waist as slender and supple as a nymph's. As I have described her, so ravishingly did this young person stand out against the background of her apartment, adorned with pillars and draped in pink and silver gauze, that I exclaimed, "That is Psyche!" It was Princess Elisabeth, the wife of Alexander. She addressed me, and kept me long enough to tell me a thousand flattering things. She then added, "We have wanted you here for a long time, Mme. Lebrun, so much so that I have sometimes dreamed you had already come." I parted from her with regret, and have always preserved a memory of that charming vision." Catherine the Great died in November 1796. She was succeeded by her father-in-law, as Paul I. Her sister, Princess Frederica married Gustaf IV Adolf, King of Sweden (1778-1837) on 31 October 1797, in Stockhom, Sweden. Neglected by her husband, Elizabeth started a romantic liaison with Prince Adam Czartoryski. Elizabeth gave birth to a daughter, Maria Alexandrovna on 29 May 1799. She wrote to her mother on 27 July 1800, "As of this morning, I no longer have a child, she is dead. Not an hour of the day passes without my thinking of her, and certainly not a day without my giving her bitter tears. It cannot be otherwise so long as I live, even if she were to be replaced by two dozen children." Paul I died on 23 March 1801. He was succeeded by her husband, as Alexander I. Her father, Charles Louis died on 16 December 1801. Her sister, Princess Mary married Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1771-1815) on 1 November 1802, in Karlsruhe. In 1803, Alexander I began a love affair with Princess Maria Czetwertynska, wife of Prince Dmitri Naryshkin. Elizabeth continued her affair with Adam Czartorysky, before she started a new love affair with Alexis Okhotnikov. Elizabeth gave birth to a second daughter, Elizabeth Alexandrovna on 16 November 1806. Her lover, Alexis Okhotnikov died in 1807. Her daughter, Elizabeth died in 1808, of an infection blamed on teething. Elizabeth wrote to her mother, "Now I am not longer good for anything in this world, my soul has no more strength to recover from this last blow."

The Children of Elizabeth Alexeievna and Alexander I:

Maria Alexandrovna (29 May 1799 - 27 July 1800)
Elizabeth Alexandrovna (16 November 1806 - 1808)

In 1814, Elizabeth Alexeievna and Alexander I attended the Congress of Wien. In 1819, Alexander I broke his relationship with Princess Maria. Elizabeth once wrote to her mother, "I am reduced to thinking of myself sometimes as Alexander's mistress, or as if we had been married secretly..." By 1825, Elizabeth suffered from a lung condition. The Imperial Couple were established on 5 October 1825, in Taganrog, by the Sea of Azov. Alexander I returned on 17 November 1825, to Tangarog from visiting Crimea. Alexander I died of typhus on 1 December 1825. Elizabeth wrote, "What am I to do with my will, which was entirely subjected to him, with my life, which I loved to devote to him?" She then wrote to her mother on 4 December 1825, "Do not worry too much about me, but if I dared, I would like to follow the one who has been my very life." Elizabeth Alexeievna died of heart failure in the early hours of 16 May 1826, in Belev.

"I do not understand myself, I do not understand my destiny." Elizabeth Alexeievna

Excerpt and Source: Memoirs of Madame Vigée Le Brun by Marie-Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun.

18-19th Cent. Charles Ferdinand, Duc de Berry.

Charles Ferdinand was born on 24 January 1778, at Versailles, France. He was the son of Marie-Thérèse of Savoy, Princess of Sardinia and of Piedmont (31 January 1756 - 2 June 1805) and Charles X, King of France and Navarre (9 October 1757 - 6 November 1836). His maternal grandparents were Maria Antonieta Fernanda of Bourbon, Queen Consort of Sardinia (17 November 1729 - 19 September 1785) and Victor Amadeus III, King of Sardinia. His paternal grandparents were Princess Marie Josèphe of Saxony (4 November 1731 - 13 March 1767) and Louis, Dauphin de France (4 September 1729 - 20 December 1765). Charles Ferdinand's parents were married on 16 November 1773. His siblings were: Louis Antoine, Duke of Angouleme (1775-1844), Sophie (1776-1783) and Marie-Thérèse (1783). During the French Revolution he left France with his father, the Comte d'Artois. From 1792 to 1797, he served in the émigré army of his cousin, Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince de Condé. His uncle, Louis XVI, King of France and Navarre was guillotined on 21 January 1793. Marie Antoinette, Queen Consort of France and Navarre (1755-1793) was guillotined on 16 October 1793, and his aunt, Princess Élisabeth de France was executed by the guilliotine on 10 May 1794. In 1801, the Duc de Berry moved to England. His mother, Marie-Thérèse of Savoy died in exile on 2 June 1805, in Graz, Austria. Charles Ferdinand, Duc de Berry married Amy Brown Freeman in England. The couple had two daughters.

 

The Children of Amy Brown Freeman and Charles Ferdinand, Duc de Berry:

Charlotte Marie Augustine de Bourbon, Comtesse d'Issoudun (13 July 1808 - 13 July 1886)

Louise Marie Charlotte, Comtesse de Vierzon (29 December 1809 - 26 December 1891)

In 1814, the marriage was annulled and the Duc de Berry returned to France. Louis XVIII named him commander-in-chief of the army at Paris on the return of Napoléon Bonaparte from Elba. He retired to Ghent during the Hundred Days war. Charles Ferdinand, Duc de Berry married Princess Maria Carolina (5 November 1798 - 17 April 1870) on 24 April 1816, in Naples. She was the daughter of Maria Clementina, Archduchess of Austria (24 April 1777 - 15 November 1801) and Francis I, King of the Two Sicilies. According to the Memoirs of Madame Vigée Le Brun by Marie-Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun (1755-1842), "As for the Duke de Berri, if he had not quite the same courtesy as his father, he was as clever, especially in that timely quickness of wit so useful to princes. I select one example out of a thousand. The first time he reviewed some troops he heard a few cries from the ranks of "Long live the Emperor!" "Quite right, my friends," was his immediate remark; "every one must live." Upon which the same soldiers exclaimed, "Long live the Duke de Berri!" His goodness of heart went so far that not only did he interest himself in everything that concerned his friends, but behaved toward the domestics of his household as the father of a family might have done. He was worshipped by his servants, and employed his influence to encourage them in good conduct and in making whatever savings they could. One day, as he was about to enter his carriage, a little kitchen scullion came running up to him with, "Your Highness, I have saved fifteen francs this year!" "Well, my boy, that makes thirty," said the Duke, giving him the sum the boy had mentioned. The Duke de Berri kept his revenues in good order; his heaviest expenses were occasioned by his taste for the arts, a predilection shared by his amiable wife." Madame Vigée Le Brun continued, "In 1819 His Highness the Duke de Berri signified his wish to buy my "Sibyl," which he had seen in my studio at London, and although I perhaps prized this most of all my works, I speedily complied with his request." Charles Ferdinand was stabbed and mortally wounded on 13 February 1820, when leaving the Opera House at Rue de Richelieu, in Paris with his wife, by Louis Pierre Louvel. Charles Ferdinand, Duc de Berry died on 14 February 1820. Seven months after his death, Maria Carolina gave birth to a son, Henri, Duc de Bordeaux, known as the Comte de Chambord.
 

The Children of Maria Carolina, Duchesse de Berry and Charles Ferdinand, Duc de Berry:

Princess Louise Élisabeth de France (13 July 1817 - 14 July 1817)
Prince Louis de France (13 September 1818)
Princess Louise Marie Thérèse de Bourbon (21 September 1819 - 1 February 1864)
Prince Henri, Duke of Bordeaux and Count of Chambord (29 September 1820 - 24 August 1883)
 

After July 1830, the Duchesse de Berry followed Charles X to Holyrood. From Britain she went to Italy. In April 1832, she landed near Marseille, then went towards Vendée and Brittany. In Nantes, she was betrayed to the government and imprisoned in the Castle of Blaye. While there Maria Carolina gave birth to a daughter with Count Ettore Lucchesi-Palli (1805-1834). In June 1833, she was released. She traveled to join Count Ettore in Sicily. Louise Marie Thérèse married Ferdinando Carlo, Hereditary Prince of Lucca (14 January 1823 - 27 March 1854) on 10 November 1845, at Schloss Frohsdorf. He was the son of Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy (19 September 1803 - 16 July 1879) and Charles Louis, Prince of Lucca. Louise Marie Thérèse died on 1 February 1864, at the Palazzo Giustinian, in Venice. She was interred at the Franciscan Monastery Castagnavizza, in Goritz, Austria. Princess Maria Carolina died on 17 April 1870, near Graz, Brünsee, Styria, Austria-Hungary. She was buried at Mureck Cemetery, in Mureck.
 

Excerpts and Source: Memoirs of Madame Vigée Le Brun by Marie-Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun.

17-18th Cent. Ulrika Eleonora, Queen Consort of Sweden.

Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden was born on 23 January 1688, at the Royal Palace, in Stockholm, Sweden. She was the daughter of Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark (11 September 1656 - 26 July 1693) and Carl XI, King of Sweden (24 November 1655 - 5 April 1697). Her maternal grandparents were Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg (24 March 1628 - 20 February 1685) and Prince Frederick. Ulrika Eleonora's parents were married on 6 May 1680. Her siblings were: Hedwig Sophia of Sweden (1681-1708), Carl XII (1682-1718), Gustav of Sweden (1683-1685), Ulrik of Sweden (1684-1685), Frederick of Sweden (1685-1685) and Carl Gustav of Sweden (1686-1687). Ulrika Elenora of Sweden married Frederick in 1715. Her brother, Carl XII died on 30 November 1718, at Fredrikshald. He was succeeded by his sister, Ulrika Eleonora. Ulrika Eleonora was crowned Queen of Sweden on 17 March 1719, in Uppsala. In 1720, Ulrika Eleonora abdicated in favour of her husband, as King Frederick I. In 1730, Frederick I took as his official mistress, Hedvig Taube, who was given the title Countess of Hessenstein. Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden died of smallpox on 24 November 1741, in Stockholm. The Reigns of Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden and Frederick I is called the Age of Liberty. The Queen's motto was, "In God my hope".

18-19th Cent. Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma.

Ferdinando Maria Filippo Lodovico Sebastiano Francesco Giacomo was born on 20 January 1751. He was the son of Marie-Louise-Élisabeth de France (14 August 1727 - 6 December 1759) and Felipe of Spain (15 March 1720 - 18 July 1765). His maternal grandparents were Maria Leszczyńska, Queen Consort of France and Navarre (23 June 1703 - 24 June 1768) and Louis XV, King of France and Navarre (15 February 1710 - 10 May 1774). His paternal grandparents were Elisabeth Farnese (25 October 1692 - 11 July 1766) and Felipe V, King of Spain (19 December 1683 - 9 July 1746). Ferdinand's parents were married on 25 October 1739, at Alcala de Henares, in Spain. His siblings were: Isabella Maria (31 December 1741 - 27 November 1763) and Luisa Maria (9 December 1751 - 2 January 1819). Ferdinand married Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria (26 February 1746 - 9 June 1804) on 19 July 1769, at the Château de Colorno. She was the daughter of Maria Theresia, Holy Roman Empress (13 May 1717 - 29 November 1780) and Franz I, Holy Roman Emperor (8 December 1708 - 18 August 1765). The sister of Marie Antoinette, Queen Consort of France and Navarre (1755-1793). Their first child, a daughter Caroline was born on 22 November 1770.

The Children of Maria Amalia of Austria and Ferdinand of Parma:

Princess Caroline of Parma (22 November 1770 - 1 March 1804) Married Prince Maximilian of Saxony.
Louis I, King of Etruria (5 August 1773 - 27 May 1803)
Princess Marie Antoinette of Parma (28 November 1774 - 20 February 1841)
Princess Charlotte Maria of Parma (7 September 1777 - 5 April 1813)
Prince Philip Maria of Parma (22 May 1783 - 2 July 1786)
Princess Antoniette Louise of Parma (21 October 1784-)
Princess Marie Louise of Parma (17 April 1787 - 22 November 1789)
Stillborn Daughter (21 May 1789 - 21 May 1789)
Stillborn Son (21 May 1789 - 21 May 1789)

In 1801, Ferdinand I ceded the Duchy of Parma to France in the Treaty of Aranjuez. As compensation, his son Louis received the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, which became the Kingdom of Etruria. Ferdinand I died on 9 October 1802. His wife, Maria Amalia died on 18 June 1804, in Prague.

18th Cent. Carlos III, King of Spain.

 

Carlos of Spain was born on 20 January 1716, at Royal Alcazar of Madrid, in Madrid, Spain. He was the son of Elisabeth Farnese (25 October 1692 - 11 July 1766) and Philip V, King of Spain (19 December 1683 - 9 July 1746). His maternal grandparents were of Dorothea Sophie of the Palatinate (5 July 1670 - 15 September 1748) and Odoardo II, Duke of Parma. His paternal grandparents were Duchess Maria Anna Christina Victoria of Bavaria (28 November 1660 – 20 April 1690) and Louis de France, Le Grand Dauphin (1 November 1661 - 14 April 1711). From his father's first marriage to Maria Louisa of Savoy (17 September 1688 - 14 February 1714), he had four brothers: Luis-Felipe (25 August 1707 - 31 August 1724), Felipe (2 July 1709 - 18 July 1709), Felipe (7 June 1712 - 29 December 1719) and Ferdinand (23 September 1713 - 10 August 1759). Maria Louisa, called La Savoyana died on 14 February 1714, in Madrid, Spain. Felipe V then married Elisabeth of Parma on 24 December 1714. They had seven children, Carlos's siblings were: Francisco (21 March 1717 - 21 April 1717), Mariana Victoria (31 March 1718 - 15 January 1781), Felipe (20 March 1720 - 18 July 1765), Maria Teresa (11 June 1726 - 22 July 1746), Luis Antonio (25 July 1727 - 7 August 1785) and Maria Antonietta (17 November 1729 - 19 September 1785). His sister, Mariana Victoria of Spain married Joseph of Portugal on 19 January 1729. His great uncle, Antonio Farnese died in 1731. Carlos succeeded him as the Duke of Parma and Piacenza. In 1734, he conquered the Kingdoms of Naples and of Sicily. He was crowned on 3 July 1735, as the King of Naples and Sicily. Carlos was engaged to Maria Amalia of Saxony (24 November 1724 - 27 September 1760) in 1737. She was the daughter of Maria Josepha of Austria (8 December 1699 - 17 November 1757) and Frederick Augustus II, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony (17 October 1696 - 5 October 1763). Maria Amalia and Carlos were married by proxy in May 1738, in Dresden. They met for the first time on 19 June 1738, in Portella. Their firs child, a daughter Maria Isabel Antonietta was born on 6 September 1740, at the Palace of Portici.

The Children of Maria Amalia of Saxony and Carlos III:
Maria Isabel Antonietta (6 September 1740 - 2 November 1742)
Maria Josefa Antonietta (20 January 1742 - 1 April 1742)
Maria Isabella Anne (30 April 1743 - 5 March 1749)
Maria Josepha Carmela (6 July 1744 - 8 December 1801)
Maria Louisa (24 November 1745 - 15 May 1792) Married Archduke Peter Leopold of Austria in 1764.
Philip Antonio Genaro (13 June 1747 - 19 September 1777)
Carlos IV Antonio Pascual (11 November 1748 - 19 January 1819) Married Princess Maria Luisa of Parma in 1765.
Maria Theresa Antonieta (2 December 1749 - 2 May 1750)
Ferdinand (12 January 1751 - 4 January 1825) Married 1st: Maria Carolina of Austria in 1768. Married 2nd: Lucia Migliaccio.
Gabriel Antonio Francisco (11 May 1752 - 23 November 1788) Married Infanta Mariana Vitória of Portugal.
Maria Ana (3 July 1754 - 11 May 1755)

Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan (31 December 1755 - 20 April 1817) Married Maria Amalia of Spain (1779 - 1798) in 1795.

Francisco Javier Antonio Pascual Bernardo (15 February 1757 - 10 April 1771)

 

In the War of the Austrian Succession, troops of the Spanish-Nepolitan Bourbons won on 12 August 1744, the Battle of Velletri, against Austrian Habsburgs. His father, Felipe V died of a stroke on 9 July 1746, in Madrid, Spain. He was succeeded by Ferdinand VI. In 1748, the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was signed. His sister, Maria Antonietta married Prince Victor Amadeus of Savoy (1726-1796) on 31 May 1750, at Oulx near Turin in Italy. Carlos laid the foundation stone for Reggia di Caserta on 20 January 1752. His halfbrother, Ferdinand VI named Carlos his heir on 10 December 1758. Ferdinand VI died 10 August 1759, at Villaviciosa de Odón. He was succeeded by Carlos III. Carlos III signed the Fourth Treaty of Versailles in 1758, by which Austria renounced the Italian Duchies. He abdicated the Neapolitan and Sicilian thrones on 6 October 1759, in favour of his son, Ferdinand. His wife, Maria Amalia died from tuberculosis on 27 September 1760, at Buen Retiro Palace. She was interred at the Royal Crypt, in the El Escorial. His mother, Elisabeth died on 11 July 1766, at the Royal Palace of Aranjuez, in Aranjuez, Spain. She was interred next to her husband, in the Colegiata of San Ildefonso. His son, Carlos married Maria Luisa of Parma in 1765. His son, Ferdinand married Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria (13 August 1752 - 8 September 1814) in 1768. She was the daughter of Maria Theresia, Holy Roman Empress (13 May 1717 - 29 November 1780) and Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (8 December 1708 - 18 August 1765). His sister, Maria Antonietta died on 19 September 1785, in the Castle of Moncalieri near Turin, Italy. She was interred in the Basilica of Superga. Carlos III died on 14 December 1788, at the Royal Palace of Madrid, in Madrid. He was interred at the Pantheon of the Kings, at the Royal Monastery of El Escorial. He was succeeded by Carlos IV.

18-19th Cent. Countess Augusta of Reuss-Ebersdorf, Duchess Consort of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.

Augusta Caroline Sophia was born on 19 January 1757, in Ebersdorf, Reuss-Jhungere-Linie, Thuringia. She was the daughter of Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg (20 August 1727 - 22 April 1796) and Heinrich XXIV, Count of Reuss-Ebersdorf (22 January 1724 - 13 May 1779). Her maternal grandparents were Ferdinande Henriette, Countess of Stolbert-Gedern (2 October 1699 - 31 January 1750) and Georg August, Count of Erbach-Schönberg. Her paternal grandparents were Sophie Theodora of Castell-Remlingen and Heinrich XXIX Count of Reuss-Ebersdorf. Augusta's parents were married on 28 June 1754, at Thurnau, in Bavaria. Her siblings were: Heinrich XLVI (14 May 1755 - 18 April 1757), Louise Christine (2 June 1759 - 5 December 1840), Heinrich LI (16 May 1761 - 10 July 1822), Ernestine Ferdinande ( 28 April 1762 - 19 May 1763), Heinrich LIII (24 May 1765 - 28 June 1770) and Henriette (9 May 1767 - 3 September 1801). Augusta of Reuss-Ebersdorf married Franz Frederick Anton, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (15 July 1750 - 9 December 1806) on 13 June 1777, in Ebersdorf. He was the son of Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (13 January 1724 - 17 May 1802) and Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (8 March 1724 - 8 September 1800). The couple had ten children.

The Children of Augusta of Reuss-Ebersdorf and Franz, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld:

Princess Sophie Fredericka, Countess von Mensdorff-Pouilly
Princess Antoinette of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (28 August 1779 - 14 March 1824)
Princess Juliane Henriette Ulrike of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (23 September 1781 - 15 August 1860)
Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Victoria, of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duchess of Kent and Strathearn (17 August 1786 - 16 March 1861) Married 1st: Emich Carl, Prince of Leiningen in 1803. Married 2nd: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn in 1818.
Princess Marianne of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Leopold I of Belgium
Prince Francis Maximilian of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

Her mother, Karoline died on 22 April 1796, at Ebersdorf, Thuringia. In 1806, the House of Reuss became Princes. Augusta was crowned Princess of Reuss-Ebersdorf on 9 April 1806. Her daughter, Victoria married Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (1767-1820) on 29 May 1818, at Schloss Ehrenburg, Coburg and again on 11 July 1818, at Kew Palace, Richmond Park, Surrey. He was the son of Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen Consort of the United Kingdom (19 May 1744 - 17 November 1818) and George III, King of the United Kingdom and Hanover (4 June 1738 - 29 January 1820). The couple had a daughter on 24 May 1819, she became Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1819-1901). Augusta of Reuss-Ebersdorf died aged 74, on 16 November 1831, in Coburg.